b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. Think of it as an If-Then statement. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. Figure 2.10. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. d. Bandura. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. 73. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. 140. 101. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? c. gestalt. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress c. sociocultural. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. What form do these consequences take? Consider where students sit in a class. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. 2.2.1.3. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. b. a. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Respondent conditioning. c. axons. 102. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. 88. All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. a. guidelines. 104. d. latent content. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. Joanie has social anxiety. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. b. dendrites. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. I bet the bad behavior ended too. The biological model is generally well respected today but suffers a few key issues. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. a. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. Evaluating the cognitive model. b. brain stimulation. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. 2.3.1.1. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. c. denial. b. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. d. fixation. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? c. cognitive Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? c. transference. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). c. primary process thought. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. b. self theory. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. c. overgeneralization. c. unconditional positive regard. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. 12. b. negative transference. b. 65. b. sociocultural 141. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . 28. a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. c. client-centered A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. 30. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? 147. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. What about other students in the class that you know? The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. 120. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. b. operant conditioning. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). 116. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? b. cognitive-behavioral. But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. b. 90. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. Describe observational learning and modeling. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? More on that over the next two sections. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. Why is this? According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. d. transference. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. All of the models include an element of the biological model. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. Figure 2.9. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. d. object relations theory. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. b. the libido. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. c. operant conditioning. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? c. superego. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. These medications fall under five major categories. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? Thats all right. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. 111. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Bertha (Anna O.) Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. Figure 2.2. b. cognitive-behavioral Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. c. resistance. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. 166. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. The humanistic perspective. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. c. humanistic-existential Models aid us with doing all of this. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. 89. a. catharsis. 54. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. b. superego. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? 2.2.1.4. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). 13. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. a. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. d. secondary process thought. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. c. psychoanalysts. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? c. maintenance. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. c. irrational patterns of thinking. 45. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. What is that factor? The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. b. ego. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. c. psychoanalytic theory. See Figure 2.4 below. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. 16. b. exposure c. existential c. congenital malformations. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. 78. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. 153. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. a. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. b. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. Continuous or partial? Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry.