Mr. Ferrell claimed that he did this because of dark stains and dead animal odor. There was absolutely no evidence that Cathy Ford had been sexually assaulted or abused following her disappearance. However, the issue was clearly raised by motion in limine prior to trial. Paul Ferrell then told Ms. Moreland, regarding the search scheduled for the following day, to search any place except the Bismark and the Cherry Ridge Roads. City State. *836 Daniel R. James, Barr & James, Keyser, for Paul W. Ferrell. There are situations where an offense that would technically constitute kidnapping under our broadly worded statute cannot be considered a separate offense. Ferrell will be eligible for parole in 2002. History of West Virginia, Old and New, Volume 2. Ferrell's family store was in close proximity to both the post office and the restaurant. [1] [2] Farrell spent his first few years in Morgantown, West Virginia before moving to Huntington. Traces of saliva found on the filter demonstrated that the smoker had been a Type A secretor. West Virginia Cases, Police West Virginia University, +1 more [6] A bloodstain taken from a floor joist of the defendant's bedroom showed the presence of phosphoglucomutase, a blood enzyme (PGM type 1 + 2 +). He was also involved in boxing. However, DNA testing could not provide a positive match. After the game, the two took a walk through the WVU College of Law . Around the time he started working for the sheriff's department, Ferrell rented a trailer off of Bismarck Road, just outside of Gormania. zhuri james net worth 2021 / low carb ground beef and spinach recipes / low carb ground beef and spinach recipes "Q What percent of the population has a Haptoglobin of 1? of the ordinary on the day in question. History. Ferrell claimed that he and Cathy were more friends than lovers. After Cathy Ford's disappearance, it came out that several other young women in the area of Grant County, West Virginia, and Garrett County, Maryland also received phone calls directing them to secluded areas. The people who found the Bronco knew to look there because they heard that smoke was seen hanging over the river on 17 February 1988. The trial court erred in admitting into evidence hearsay testimony as to what the alleged victim said prior to her departure from her family owned restaurant. (V.) The trial court erred in permitting F.B.I. He sometimes joins with his challenge to the admissibility of the phone calls on anal sex, a contention that excerpts from the book The New Our Bodies, Ourselves, supra, should not have been admitted for the jury to read. William Ferrell, who landed in Washington County . On 18 February 1988, Mr. Ferrell ripped out and burned the carpeting from the master bedroom of his trailer (mobile home), replacing it with new carpeting on the following day. Ferrell appealed his conviction, claiming: there was insufficient evidence that she was dead, the body language testimony should not have been used, and the jury was not properly instructed. No objection was made at trial, so we find no reversible error in the challenged sentence. Here's an overview: SB 268 is a comprehensive bill that affects 230,000 plan participants of PEIA in many different ways. However, an FBI handwriting expert later proved in court that he did so. This Court held that because there was ample evidence of the sexual relationship, the evidence concerning oral sex had no probative value whatsoever on the issue of whether defendant had plotted with his mistress to murder his wife. 2. Initially, he denied writing the letter. Roger W. Tompkins, Atty. Another woman who received a strange invitation that same day was Rose Bosley, a part-time postmistress in Gormania who usually worked on Saturdays. Storm Fire Hall sometime between 10:00 and 3:00. (XIII.) exposure on Montel Williams and Unsolved Mysteries. The West Virginia Rules of Evidence now provide in Rule 404(b): Rule 404(b) states essentially the same rule that we pronounced in Thomas, supra. Finally, on March 8, almost three weeks after she vanished, it was rediscovered by Darvin and her brother, Rich. [1] From these meager facts, the *847 majority concludes that "[t]he record shows that Paul Ferrell made numerous phone calls to bookstores and libraries, and that he regularly received sexual gratification from interaction with persons who were not voluntary providers of sexual gratification." Even if I could conceive of it, I would reject such body language interpretation for the same reason that we rejected the lie detector as appropriate evidence in State v. Frazier, 162 W.Va. 602, 252 S.E.2d 39 (1979), and the horizontal gaze nystagmus test in State v. Barker, ___ W.Va. ___, 366 S.E.2d 642 (1988). Some believed that the truck "A. Perhaps in an attempt to explain why he was obsessed, he told Ms. Bernard that he knew Cathy Ford well, and that they had been intimate about a year before he met Ms. Bernard. He claimed that it had stains and a foul odor. However, fearing that her body was inside, he did not tell anyone about it. Thus, when Agent Curtis, cloaked with the expertise of an F.B.I. Includes Address (11) Phone (9) Email (7) See Results. You can explore additional available newsletters here. . Rebecca Pariseau 3/18/13. "Q. If any person, by force, threat, duress, fraud or enticement take, confine, conceal, or decoy, inveigle or entice away, or transport into or out of this State or within this State, or otherwise kidnap any other person, for the purpose or with the intent of taking, receiving, demanding or extorting from such person, or from any other person or persons, any ransom, money or other thing, or any concession or advantage of any sort, or for the purpose or with the intent of shielding or protecting himself or others from bodily harm or of evading capture or arrest after he or they have committed a crime, he shall be guilty of a felony, and, upon conviction, shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for life, and he, notwithstanding the provisions of article twelve [ 62-12-1 et seq. Mr. Ferrell claims that the prosecution failed to show that he used force on the victim, transported the victim, or confined her. According to investigators, the women had one thing in common: they all knew Ferrell. There was no known blood sample from Cathy Ford which could be used for comparison. Bibliographic information. (XX.) However, Mr. Ferrell did not request such a limiting instruction, perhaps for reasons of trial tactics and strategy, so there was no error in the court's not giving one. Bill was born July 29, 1922 in Charleston, West Virginia to Pearl Alberts Ferrell and Cecil Ira Ferrell who both have preceded him. It specified that she heard the sounds on February 17; she claims that she did not specify that day. 1882), aged 21, Cornish blacksmith travelling aboard the ship "St Paul" arriving at Ellis Island, New York on 16th . Evidence of Mr. Ferrell's motive for luring Cathy Ford to his trailer comes from the telephone calls he made to bookstores and libraries for sexual gratification. 559, 258 S.E.2d 174 (1979); State v. Stephens, 708 S.W.2d 345 (Mo.App.1986). Lived In Portsmouth RI, Alexandria VA, Miami FL, Arlington VA. Related To Margaret Farrell, Ml Farrell, Katherine Farrell, John Farrell, Joan Farrell. No. The most obvious problem is that the three blood samples which were used to obtain the genetic markers could not be identified as coming from the same person. While doing so, he said that he observed signs of guilt through Ferrell's body language. Lat: 38 41' 41"N, Lon: 81 16' 10"W I must disagree with the majority's conclusions regarding the admissibility of the evidence relating to the telephone calls to the various bookstores. He also said that he frequently posed as a doctor during these calls because he found it was very easy to get the information he wanted that way. jose munoz death tulsa ok; jobs at arsenal training ground; scotiabank priority pass registration The court said: The point the court was making benefited the defendant, but making the point concisely without using the word "innocence" to contrast with the word "guilt" would have been difficult linguistically without involved convolutions distinguishing "guilty" from alternatives like "failure to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt," etc. [5] The defendant inconsistently numbers his assignments of error throughout his brief. She was never seen again. West Virginia Governor Underwood After Laplace, Ferrel was the chief founder of the subject now known as geophysical fluid dynamics. Reconnect with William Ferrell by joining our alumni site today. Get free summaries of new Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia opinions delivered to your inbox! [8] As part of the interview, Agent Curtis presented the defendant with a scenario in which there were two Paul Ferrells, one that was a calm, rational individual, and another who acted emotionally, and struck out in anger at Cathy Ford. Unsolved Mysteries, Thus the jury was given the figure of 10,000 to 1 odds the defendants were guilty. The jury is competent to determine the meaning of such everyday non-verbal communication, and Agent Curtis should not have been allowed to add an expert opinion. William P Farrell, 54. Publisher. He even enclosed $200 to pay for her ruined car. See State v. Fortner, ___ W.Va. ___, 387 S.E.2d 812 (1989); State v. Miller, ___ W.Va. ___, 336 S.E.2d 910 (1985). Paul A Ferrell of Fayette County, West Virginia United States was born c. 1928. Paul Ferrell Grant County, West Virginia Date of Alleged Crime: February 17, 1988. They were the parents of at least 3 sons and 2 daughters. body language. According to Ferrell's appellate attorney, this is the Select a record type to search. He also got the case others, and might be stained by blood from a variety of sources. *840 On 8 March 1988, the Ford Bronco in which Cathy Ford was last seen was found burned and hidden in brush near the river, off the Bismark Road. After two years of home confinement, the court reaffirmed the convictions and he was returned to prison. 3. Paul Ferrell made a regular practice of posing as someone else while calling people on the phone to get them to do his bidding. "A Approximately twenty-two percent of the population. When police asked Mr. Ferrell about the calls, he told them that he had made such calls from his girlfriend's residence and from the living quarters above Ferrell's Mart. [5] I believe resolution of this question demonstrates further the majority's *850 disregard of the law in order to reach a desired result. Agent Audrey Lynch, a forensic serologist, testified that her analysis of these samples demonstrated that one contained human protein, but could not be confirmed as containing blood, five contained blood which could not be confirmed as human, and the remainder contained human blood. SUBMITTED PHOTO. When police searched Cathy's trailer, along with the blood, a cigarette butt of the type she smoked was found. Just as the general kidnapping statute, W.Va.Code, 61-2-14a [1965], does not require force, neither does it require transportation or confinement of the victim.[7]. Judge Williams was an associate attorney at the law firm of Bowles Rice McDavid Graff & Love from 1991 to 1993, before . This is particularly true in view of the highly prejudicial nature of such evidence. I know of no court which has sanctioned such an approach. There have been a number of federal cases in which evidence of other bad acts has been admitted under FRE 404(b). He was surrounded by his daughter and his Pastor. Lat: 38 43' 54"N, Lon: 81 16' 02"W Links: Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! ], chapter sixty-two of this Code, shall not be eligible for parole: provided, That the jury may, in their discretion, recommend mercy, and if such recommendation is added to their verdict, such person shall be eligible for parole in accordance with the provisions of said article twelve: Provided, however, That if the accused pleads guilty, the court may, in its discretion, provide that such person shall be eligible for parole in accordance with the provisions of said article twelve, and, if the court so provides, such person shall be eligible for parole in accordance with the provisions of said article twelve in the same manner and with like effect as if such person had been found guilty by the verdict of a jury and the jury had recommended mercy: Provided further the person against whom the offense is committed is returned, or is permitted to return, alive, without bodily harm having been inflicted upon him, but after ransom, money or other thing, or any concession or advantage of any sort has been paid or yielded, the punishment shall be confinement in the penitentiary for any term of years not less than twenty: And provided further, That in all cases where the person against whom the offense is committed is returned, or is permitted to return, alive, without bodily harm having been inflicted upon him, but without ransom, money or other thing, or any concession or advantage of any sort having been paid or yielded, the punishment shall be confinement in the penitentiary for any term of years not less than ten. When asked to explain Ms. Bernard's testimony that he had asked her to make calls claiming she was Cathy Ford, Paul Ferrell told police that on 20 February 1988, (three days after Cathy Ford disappeared), he asked Ms. Bernard to call someone saying Cathy Ford was alright, because he wanted to slow down the investigation so that his telephone calls might not be discovered. However, when a test is novel or not generally accepted, that circumstance alone meets the threshold requirement of rebutting any presumption of admissibility under Rule 702 and, therefore, with regard to tests that are not generally accepted the burden of proof that the test is reliable remains on the proponent.". The prosecution conjectured that 1 in 10 cars is yellow, and that 1 in 1,000 couples inter-racial. The court had also instructed the jury that the State must overcome the presumption of innocence by proof beyond a reasonable doubt, so the standard of proof was clear. Page 836 [184 W.Va. 125] Syllabus by the Court. Ferrell Cemetery Roane Co. WV Located Vicars - approximately 1/2 mile west of Vicars Post Office, off of Flat Fork, just below Harmony - Harper District Source ---- Roane County, West Virginia Cemeteries - 1983 Read by -- Carol Fouty -- 08 Nov 1980 Anderson, Judy Ann 1951-1967 Asbury, Clifford "Jake" 1926-1962 s/o Ella Asbury Cunningham Booth . The FBI was able to identify some of the blood as human, and the blood type was not inconsistent with blood of a child of the victim's parents. 19401. State v. Wyant, ___ W.Va. ___, 328 S.E.2d 174 (1985); State v. Kopa, ___ W.Va. ___, 311 S.E.2d 412 (1983). *843 Once a jury convicts a defendant, he bears a heavy burden on appeal. In State v. Sette, 161 W.Va. 384, 242 S.E.2d 464 (1978), a case involving the murder of a woman by her husband and his mistress, the prosecution presented evidence that as part of an extramarital relationship, the defendant husband and his *842 mistress had engaged in oral sex at a time when to do so was a felony. She ultimately concluded that they would occur in approximately.75 percent of the population.[8]. The third result is Martha E Ferrell age 80+ in Gandeeville, WV. [1] The appellant assigns myriad errors, many of which are so obviously without merit that we find that they are not fairly raised. "The only real debate here is the number," Farrell said, noting that earlier in the trial, a witness for the defense had evaluated that . Charlene Reinhart 12/28/12. He won a $10 million landmark medical malpractice trial verdict in Monongalia County in Riggs v. West Virginia Univ. They Tyler County, West Virginia, USA. The trial court erred in admitting the testimony of forensic serologist Audrey Lynch who testified that the blood found was not inconsistent with blood that would come from the offspring of the parents of the alleged victim. Cases Without a Body. On 2 March 1988, Cathy Ford's parents received a letter postmarked Pittsburgh, 29 February 1988. At around 2pm, she returned and picked up her purse. Research genealogy for William Ferrell of Augusta, Virginia, United States, as well as other members of the Ferrell family, on Ancestry. Educator, Business Owner, Developer Born April 17, 1961, in Charleston, West Virginia Parents David and Pauline Ferrell Spouse Tracy Ferrell Children Brooks Ferrell and Danica Ferrell Education A.A.S Business Management and Marketing, WVSU; B.S. told me that he was a sicko, and that he needed to be put away. After I am authorized to state that Justice McHUGH joins me in this dissent. fibers. The commutation made Ferrell eligible for parole which he was In court, she testified that on February 17, she heard banging, a gunshot, and a woman's scream coming from the trailer. Upon an examination of the context in which the phrase "guilt or innocence of the accused" was used, and considering the purpose of the instruction in which that phrase is to be found, we find that there was no error. At the time, Farrell was considering which law school he would attend. . reincarcerated for the crime in 1997. Mr. Ferrell had the same motive in calling young women, including the victim, and enticing them to secluded areas near his trailer. denied, 445 U.S. 904, 100 S. Ct. 1081, 63 L. Ed. . Death . . "Q Agent Lynch, what percent of the population has a PGM of 1 + 2 +, an EAP of BA, and an HP of 1? [3] Indeed, in closing argument, the prosecution stated that the telephone calls demonstrated that the defendant had a "perverse or somewhat abnormal attitude" and that he was "depraved of heart and mind.". Male 31 December 1914-16 May 1969 GMDJ . Attorneys Paul Farrell (right) and Bob Fitzsimmons, who represented West Virginia's counties and cities in their civil lawsuit against the Big Three opioid distributors, discuss Monday morning . Rehearing Denied November 8, 1990. Business Education, WVSU; M.A. Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. E.g., State v. Hanna, supra. The man wanted Ms. Ford to meet him at his office at 3:00 p.m. the same day, to discuss some checks. Ms. Moreland was unable to reach enough people to call off the search, and when Paul Ferrell called back later in the evening to ask if she had been able to call off the search, she told Mr. Ferrell that she had not been able to do so. The best result we found for your search is Paul William Ferrell age 60s in Bridgeport, WV. Ferrell had been involved in a series of murders in Yellowstone Park. Holland v. United States, 348 U.S. 121, 140, 75 S. Ct. 127, 138, 99 L. Ed. These stains were extremely minute in quantity and only three were found to contain recognized genetic markers. Ferrell became the focal point of the investigation. According to him, she was crying and asking to see him. Finally, and most importantly, the State's DNA expert admitted that because of the smallness of the sample, there was no way to determine whether these bloodstains came from the same person. This Court, in State v. Thomas, 157 W.Va. 640, 203 S.E.2d 445 (1974), recognized that relevant evidence of prior crimes or wrongs is admissible to establish motive, intent, absence of mistake or accident, identity, or existence of a common scheme or plan. 521, 789 P.2d 1386 (1990), in which the defendant was tried on charges of attempted kidnapping and attempted sexual assault after approaching a thirteen-year-old girl and offering her money to enter his vehicle to help him search for a lost dog. granted in May 2004. [2] We dismiss the following assignments of error as not fairly raised: (IV.) On the day after Cathy vanished, Ferrell ripped out and burned the carpet in the master bedroom of his trailer. Between 28 September 1987 and late November 1987, several women in Grant County, West Virginia and nearby Garrett County, Maryland received unusual phone calls from a man who directed them to various locations near Paul Ferrell's trailer on the Bayard-Wilson-Corona Road, including the trailer itself and a garage building near the trailer. blood to be that of a woman, but DNA tests could not match the blood to It was smoked by someone with a blood type not inconsistent with her parents. We found public records for William Ferrell in VA. . Typical of its well-crafted opinion, the majority offers no reason for this conclusion. In court Ms. Nelson identified from a photograph that it was Paul Ferrell's car that she had observed departing. While the majority relies on the harmless error rule set out in Syllabus Point 2 of State v. Atkins, 163 W.Va. 502, 261 S.E.2d 55 (1979), cert. Author. [2] Having twisted the facts, it comes as no surprise to me that the majority would then twist the law. . Paul Ferrell manifested an obsession with Cathy Ford's disappearance. In addition, defendant did not object to the charge when given. Kim Nelson lived in the trailer nearest Mr. Ferrell's trailer on the same driveway off of the Bismark Road, but did not know Paul Ferrell. At the beginning of the general charge, the court cautioned the jury that they were not there to judge the defendant for crimes that were not charged in that proceeding. Sometime between 10:30 and 11:00 on Wednesday, 17 February 1988 (the day the victim disappeared), the magistrate and her assistant observed Mr. Ferrell using the public pay phone outside of the office. Id., at 130. Paul William Ferrell, a rookie sheriff's deputy, was convicted of the murder of Cathy Ford, a 19-year-old waitress from nearby Maryland. [4] Some employees read some of it to him, and others would not. Atty. There was insufficient evidence of arson and homicide, therefore, the verdict must be set aside. An FBI agent testified that while giving Ferrell a hypothetical scenario As in the cases cited above, the State did not offer the phone call evidence to show that defendant was more likely to commit the crime of kidnapping. Consequently, she refused to leave work to meet him, and he responded that he would have to get in touch with her at a later date. Unbeknownst to Bernard, he was seeing another woman, Cathy Ford. At 10:50 a.m. the same day, Robin Tichnell received a call from a man claiming to be a West Virginia magistrate. The region's first coal miners primarily were African Americans, both enslaved and free. At most, the evidence demonstrated to the jury that the defendant had a propensity to commit the crimes charges because he is a "bad" man. A mix of clouds and sun. See also, U.S. v. Merryman, 630 F.2d 780 (10th Cir.1980) (evidence of other bad acts was admissible to rebut defendant's claim of mistake or lack of knowledge or intent); U.S. v. Thomas, 632 F.2d 837 (10th Cir.1980) (evidence that one defendant made a death threat growing out of a theft of narcotics was admissible to prove that he was a leader of the drug conspiracy). Mr. Ferrell also argues that he cannot be convicted of kidnapping if he is convicted of murder, because the kidnapping would be only incidental to the murder. However, the record shows that there was an in camera hearing on the phone calls to bookstores and libraries. above Ferrell's Mart in Gormania, West Virginia. Paul William Ferrell, a rookie sheriff's deputy, was convicted of the murder of Cathy Ford, a 19-year-old waitress from nearby Maryland. OF COUNSELPaul Farrell, Jr. Paul Farrell, Jr. serves as of counsel for the McHugh Fuller Law Group's opiate litigation practice. In 1994, Ferrell was released from prison while the Supreme Court reviewed this case. It is perhaps an understatement to say that body language interpretation is novel and not generally accepted as a means of proving guilt. Check back often as we continue to add more. STATE of West Virginia v. Paul William FERRELL. 2d 137 (1985). how did glennon doyle and abby wambach meet; scorpio ascendant woman eyes; norwich council labour. Approximately thirty-two percent of the population. Paul William Ferrell, a rookie sheriff's deputy, was convicted of the (XV.) There is nothing in the record to indicate that other women in the area had been abducted for sexual purposes during the period in which the telephone calls to the bookstore were made or that the defendant had ever attempted to coerce anyone to engage in the sexual practices described in the phone calls. ___ W.Va. at ___, 378 S.E.2d at 647. She also claimed that prior to the trial she signed a statement typed up by prosecutors without reading it. He was born on July 3, 1925 at Sharon, WV to the late William Jesse Ferrell Sr. (1899-1977) and Bertha Alice Hatfield-Ferrell (1905-2001). [9] In Woodall, ___ W.Va. at ___, 385 S.E.2d at 261-62, we stated: "Blood type and enzyme tests have general scientific acceptance, and the distribution of particular blood traits in the population is ascertainable. Denied,Articles, Mr. Ferrell also assigns as error the lack of a "meaningful" in camera hearing before evidence of the phone calls was admitted. Some of the strongest evidence against Ferrell came from his neighbor, Kim Nelson, who could see his trailer from her home. Ferrell saw Darvin twice that day; once outside the restaurant. However, she later stated that she wasn't sure if it was him. Darvin said that she had been seen the previous day on Bismarck Road near Ferrell's trailer. telephoned bookstores and libraries throughout the country posing as a William Jesse Ferrell was called home to be with his Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, on July 5, 2018. History of West Virginia, Old and New, James Morton Callahan. First Name. Search West Virginia Death Records West Virginia Newspapers, Full Search (1791-1904), 35 titles West Virginia Obituary Search - (1999-current) West Virginia Funeral Notices . Mr. Ferrell's store was also within sight of the restaurant where Cathy Ford worked. from Ferrell's trailer. The same distortion occurred in the statistical probability questions which are set out in note 8, supra. In the case before us, however, it is highly unlikely that Paul Ferrell enticed Cathy Ford to his trailer exclusively in order to kill her; rather the jury could have reasonably believed that he enticed her to his trailer in order to commit the offense of rape, an offense with which he was not charged. I believe this evidence was not relevant to the crimes charged and was, therefore, inadmissible. Because of the highly prejudicial nature of the evidence, I believe its admission at trial was reversible error. In sum, then, I do not believe that this evidence was admissible as an exception to the general rule prohibiting the introduction of evidence of other crimes or wrongs. Ms. Nelson first learned the man's name when she recognized Paul Ferrell's picture in the newspaper after his arrest. The Vital Research Records Project is placing Birth, Death, and Marriage certificates on-line. On the morning of Wednesday, 17 February 1988, the victim, Catherine Ford, a resident of Maryland, received a call from a man claiming to be a magistrate at Mt. It appeared as though it had been covered up in an attempt to keep it from ever being found. Unsolved Mysteries Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community. *851 The defendant does not challenge the scientific basis of the bloodstain and saliva analyses or of the DNA testing. Many are still certain that Ferrell is guilty. From the room in Mr. Ferrell's family store in which his telephone was located, Mr. Ferrell could see people come and go from the post office, and could also see Ms. Knotts' residence. Mr. Ferrell argues that the testimony of Special Agent Curtis concerning Mr. Ferrell's body movement during a polygraph test should not have been admitted at trial. Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above, the judgment of the Circuit Court of Grant County is affirmed. tour dates. However, in State v. Hanna, ___ W.Va. ___, 378 S.E.2d 640 (1989), which also involved the kidnapping and disappearance of a young woman, this Court said, "[i]t is clear that kidnapping can be accomplished under our statute without force or compulsion since it uses terms such as `fraud', `decoy', `inveigle' or `entice away'". She has not been seen since. Judge Paul T. Farrell Sixth Judicial Circuit (Cabell County) . If, therefore, there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant used fraud to entice Ms. Ford to his mobile home with the intent of gaining a concession or advantage from her, then his conviction must be affirmed. James Morton Callahan. Barbour: 1843 - 1849, 1853 - 1969 Berkeley: 1780 - 1856, 1858, 1862 - 1970 Boone: 1865 - 1968 Braxton: 1836 - 1847, 1865 - 1967 Brooke: 1797, 1799 - 1833, 1835 - 1971 Cabell: 1809 - 1968 Calhoun: 1856 - 1969 .