Mathematics and science, for example, are subjects in which males have historically outperformed females. Moral education is a subject taught at all cycles of school in Quebec. The first of these dimensions is behavioural conformity. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. What kinds of lessons do they plan around the topic of morality? The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. Sweet et al. As noted by Reinke and Herman (2002), schools tend to have personalities of their own. Schools are directly responsible for making people worthwhile in their respective societies. Smaller groups of friends exist within the school setting, and these peer groups often have names that suggest the lifestyle characteristics of the members (Sussman et al. In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. 11. Students who are consistently placed in remedial classes may also start to view themselves as slow (Barakett and Cleghorn, 2008). Give examples of how each works. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. The findings of research on the impact of school uniforms on school safety has, in general, not supported the premise of reduced behavioural problems in students (Han 2010) or school achievement (Yeung 2009). The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? School uniforms became more widely implemented in the public school system in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s when school policies were put in place in an effort to control gang activities and increase safety at schools (Han 2010). 2000). Gender Socialization. The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. When peer group relationships are positive, it is reasonable to assume that the school environment is a supportive and potentially enjoyable one. The following are illustrative examples of socializing. Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. Other research using the same Canadian data sources has also found that a strong school bond, or commitment to ones school and education, is associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. The names given to such social groups change across time and cultural trends, although the labelling of jocks (students who participate in a lot of sports) and brains (students who excel academically) and nerds (socially excluded students) seem to span across generations. Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with Types of socialization: primary, secondary and tertiaryPrimary socialization. You might say that primary socialization is the most important since its the first stage you go through in childhood.Secondary socialization. Secondary socialization comes next. Tertiary socialization. Some authors talk about a third type of socialization in people, which begins with old age and goes into retirement. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. Alberta Education. In other words, inherent to such arguments are notions that only men can teach to male students and that the loss of males from the profession and the subsequent lowering of boys scores relative to girls is evidence of how feminization of the school is harming boys (Froese-Germain 2006). In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). What are some examples of streaming? Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. Students who have good relationships with their teacher are also likely to have better mental health, feel more connected to their school, and experience positive academic outcomes (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). 52 Examples of a Social Experience John Spacey, June 09, 2022 Social experiences are interactions with other people. As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. Furthermore, socialization can be divided into two types: primary socialization and secondary socialization. In contrast, the English language arts academic trajectory in Alberta is ELA 10-1, 20-1, and 30-1 [which] provides a more in-depth study of text in terms of textual analysis. Asked about the inappropriateness of their behaviour, one student was quoted as saying, Theyre not setting a good example if theyre going to be doing that. Stanley Cohen (1972) coined the term moral panic to refer to the social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. Social ties that students have among each other have been found to have effects on academic achievement (Broh 2002), such that positive social interactions in the school environment spill over into how well they do in their schoolwork. He or she may have to raise a hand to ask questions. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. It is implied, however, that more male role models in the classroom would improve boys improvementbut critics again argue that this view relies on a single vision of masculinity that is assumed to be the same among all male teachers (Greig 2003). The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. What were the characteristics of popular students? Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. Blair and Sanford (2004) found in their study of boys in an elementary school in Alberta that boys strongly preferred reading materials that they could talk about with their friends. Schools were not equipped to deal with students with social and emotional disabilities, and it was these very students who were disproportionately punished through the Safe Schools Act. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. Children who are home schooled do not attend formal school and are taught usually by a parent in the home environment. 2. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. Did you interact with people in other groups? Not all school violence is overt. As Table 6.1 illustrates, there are many new things for children to get used to in the school setting. All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. Tom Lee. This begins at birth and continues throughout life; Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. His teacher As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. WebInterests. This difference may be due to ethnic group membership, disability, physical attractiveness, or being a newcomer to the classroom (Asher et al. Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. They also tended to be popular. A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. What problems are being identified? Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. In many provinces, courses in math, science, and English are divided into those that lead to post-secondary education options (e.g., university) and those that do not. It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. WebHowever, there are some ways in which school can be considered primary socialization. They rejected the image presented by the preppy and popular girls, who, according to the skater girls, spent their leisure time shopping for fashionable, sexy clothing; applying makeup; flirting with boys; and talking about fashion and popular music (p. 145). The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. No Way! Schools perform an essential work in the socialization of children by first transmitting the cultures values. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? As noted by Raby (2005), the language of school codes of conduct suggests that young people are seen to be incomplete, at risk, and in need of guidance, a position that legitimizes school rules and their enforcement (p. 73). The majority of these codes tend to focus on issues surrounding dress codes and behaviour toward other students, teachers, and staff, while some include zero tolerance policies. What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school. Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. In terms of outreach, students must participate weekly (Wednesdays between 9 a.m. and 12 p.m.) in a community volunteer activity for which they receive no payment. Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al. Raby (2005, 2008) and Raby and Domitrek (2007) argue that the school is a place where young people are socialized, but that top-down rule making assumes passive citizenship where students are relatively powerless. Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. What has changed, however, is the larger proportion of boys without male parents in the home. Cohens examples of moral panics surrounded various youth cultures, particularly the Mods and Rockers of the early 1960s, and how the media portrayed them as a threat to established law and social order. They suggest, interestingly, that drinking and sexual behaviours of young people can be perceived as festive social interactions and [a source of] popularity among teens and emerging adults, as well as representing a problem behaviour (Sussman et al. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). Although the mitigating factors clause was supposed to protect such students, the statistics indicated otherwise. She notes that while dress code infractions for girls typically are focused on body containment (e.g., showing too much cleavage), for boys it is about containing ethnic or racial identities. Sex-typing of childrens play (e.g., specific activities for boys and others for girls) can also contribute to reinforcing gender differences in behaviour and the understanding that children have about the appropriate roles for males and females. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. The term streaming(also known as tracking) refers to the series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes. Feb 23 2011 at 2:33pm. These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. Not all schools in Canada have top-down rule making, as described above and criticized by Raby (2005). The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. WebExamples of Socialization 1. Other agents of socialization are family, peers, religion, work, media, internet, and social media. It can be difficult for teachers to be warm and supportive when behavioural disruptions from students make it challenging for the teacher to perform his or her instructional role (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Sokal (2010) found no evidence that computer-assisted literacy programs had any influence on Canadian males from low socioeconomic backgrounds who struggled with reading. Senior High English Language Arts; Program of Study. Sussman et al. 6. WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. In contrast, Pre-calculus mathematics is described as designed for students who will be continuing studies at the post-secondary level in fields related to mathematics and science. In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. Socialization 101: Definition, Agents, and Examples of Socializing Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. 9. The sense of belonging to a school community; can influence behavioural outcomes in students. 5. What role does school climate play in student socialization? The main thrust of this argument is that teaching staff are disproportionately comprised of females who value certain behaviours (like passivity and obedience, which tend to be found more in girls) and subject matter (like reading, which does not appeal to males as much), and that to improve boys performance, more males must be brought into the profession (Skelton 2002; Titus 2004). And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). 4. Students also learn their gender at school. This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). Teachers are more than just a new person from whom the child must take direction; they influence the socialization of children in several ways. Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). Within the general category of elites, such peer groups as populars, student union members, and preppies were found. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. As noted by Sussman et al. Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. Meanness also includes such behaviours as name-calling, ridicule, sarcasm, and giving other girls the silent treatment. Research on girls meanness has found that middle-class girls more frequently participate in this type of aggression because it is within this social class that the rules of femininity are the least flexible. How a teacher approaches the issue of gender can have a lasting impact on how children understand the perceived socially acceptable roles for males and females. How do relationships with teachers influence the socialization of students? The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). Gender stereotypes, however, do exist in perceived competence and ability in subjects, with girls consistently indicating less confidence in their ability in science and math (see Simpkins, Davis-Deane, and Eccles 2006 for an overview). School settings often place children in heterogeneous classes with large groups of children of the same age, where they participate in very specific school-oriented activities and events. Such factors include parental influence, lack of role models, and the lowered expectations of teachers. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2009) were circulated to teachers in order to put creative strategies in place for improving boys literacy. Examples-socialization must occur for a high school freshman to adjust to their new situation. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. Child victims also report having recurring memories of the abuse (Sharp 1995) and being afraid to seek help (Slee 1994; Smith and Myron- Wilson 1998). The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. Use Google to find home schooling advocacy groups in Canada. Schools socialize children by teaching them their formal curricula but also a hidden curriculum that imparts the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found. One of these values is the need to respect authority, as evidenced by these children standing in line. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. Clubs, Fraternities, and Sororities. It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. An internal committee comprised of the principal, two students, and two teachers hear all infractions of the rules. In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. The findings suggest that at-risk children may be socialized into a cycle of negative interactions with teachers, which may not only contribute to their future delinquency but also reduce their academic performance. Raby (2006) identifies several ways that youth express resistance to what they perceive as dominant forces of socialization. In an overview of studies (Sussman et al. Because reading is highly associated with overall academic achievement and later-life occupational attainment, this is a problem that has tremendous sociological implications. Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? Deviants, elites, and to some extent jocks were more likely to drink, while deviants were the group most likely to use marijuana. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. Socialization in the Schooling Process Sociology of Education The rationale behind introducing school uniforms was that standardizing wardrobes would make it impossible for students to wear clothes reflecting gang affiliation and the presence of intruders within schools would be easier to identify as they would stand out in a sea of uniforms. Describe how they all impact on student socialization. WebMaster the fundamentals of SPSS with this newly updated and instructive resource The newly and thoroughly revised Second Edition of SPSS Essentials delivers a comprehensive guide for students in the social sciences who wish to learn how to use the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the effective collection, management, and Moral socialization was the first work of every school. Peer rejection refers to the failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers.