taa weather related accidents are associated with what hazardous attitude

Alcohol-All pilots should know better than to mix alcohol with flying. Physiological stressors are those that affect the functioning of our bodies and minds. The regulations we fly by have literally been written in blood and exist for our protection. The AOPA Air Safety Foundation (ASF) will continue to monitor the TAA safety record and report as new findings . 0000006902 00000 n 0000007665 00000 n Pilots must have a high degree of confidence in their ability to operate an airplane. 0000007528 00000 n lieu de production gta 5 le plus rentable taa weather related accidents are associated with what hazardous attitude 0000012437 00000 n If you are considering flying while taking any medication, first consult your aviation medical examiner. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(International Symposium on Aviation Psychology)/Rect[360.6162 618.0547 540.0 630.9453]/StructParent 4/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> The NTSB itself does not help the situation by emphasizing more of the same as the solution.Before the hate mail gets out of control, let me emphasize that I still recognize the importance of traditional pilot skills, as long as they are part of a balanced program. 0000002512 00000 n People who think, Whats the point? do not see themselves as being able to make a great deal of difference in what happens to them. 0000021228 00000 n endobj Under normal circumstances, our decision-making process operates effectively. 3.7% of accidents in 2010 were weather related yet these accidents accounted for 27.1% of fatalities. 0000003357 00000 n 0000004770 00000 n The third category is psychological stressors, and these include myriad factors such as peer pressure, self-image, get-home-itis and the hurry-up syndrome. e d u / i s a p _ 2 0 1 9)/Rect[230.8867 233.3227 452.1807 245.0414]/StructParent 6/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> What is risk management in the context of TAA training? Our program quickly obtained FITS acceptance from Washington and we thought we were on our way. 0000003234 00000 n The goal of this National Transportation Safety Board study was to . Online Marketing For Your Business taa weather related accidents are associated with what hazardous attitude ]e. The flight instructor community could be effective in this regard, if it could speak with a unified voice.The informed consumer is probably the best agent for training change. '? They dont think about what theyre about to do before they do it. That information was compared with data that regional ASIs collected about the accident flights as part of their normal investigations. I served as the FAAs lead general aviation executive from 2001 until I retired in 2005. 0000006319 00000 n <>stream When the antiauthority attitude strikes, we need to remind ourselves that the rules are usually right. 0000003843 00000 n Impulsivity: Attempting to solve a problem with the first solution that comes to mind, rather than taking time to consider and select the best option. All of the pilots contacted voluntarily provided needed information concerning their flight and aviation experience, providing the control group necessary for this study. In this state, a pilot may feel secure and justified in taking unnecessary risks. If we put these factors in the context of an accident report-our own-we can make better, more objective evaluations of our situation. I lost control and slammed into an innocent bystander. None of the real-world issues mattered-sweating fuel during an unexpected hold, dealing with practical risk-management issues, coping with descents into busy terminal areas. Sometimes our confidence outstrips our ability to safely fly the airplane. 0000003678 00000 n 0000004543 00000 n Each letter represents one of six important factors affecting our ability to fly safely and engage in effective decision making. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. 0000002738 00000 n 0000002592 00000 n 0000003132 00000 n 0000005656 00000 n The result is the FAA Industry Training Standards (FITS) program. While it is ones prerogative to question authority and look for errors, doing so constantly, and without looking for other solutions, can lead to trouble. 936 0 obj When the resignation attitude develops, we must realize that we are not helpless and force ourselves to continue thinking and flying the airplane. While I was in that role, I did not initiate controversial and counter-productive rulemaking initiatives involving training. . endobj Risk factors associated with weather-related general aviation accidents [electronic resource] / National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board Washington, D.C 2005. They are apt to think that it is good luck when things go well, and bad luck when things go poorly. trailer <]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 256 0 obj<>stream When an anti-authority attitude overwhelms good judgment, the danger zone is close. endobj endobj The key to maintaining a safe attitude is understanding the factors that influence each of these traits and recognizing situations when these traits may become prevalent enough to compromise our decision-making ability. endstream The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) literature defines five hazardous attitudes that can undermine a pilot's aeronautical decision making. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(CORE Scholar)/Rect[72.0 650.625 170.125 669.375]/StructParent 1/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> 0000005553 00000 n Its just that they need to be empirically justified by how effective they are in preventing accidents while simultaneously addressing utility in practical flight operations. While this pattern is thought to be a male characteristic, women are equally susceptible. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(Other Psychiatry and Psychology Commons)/Rect[137.2383 212.4906 331.4473 224.2094]/StructParent 7/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Commendably, it has succeeded-at least partly-in expanding the market by building products with appeal to a wider audience. I was 12 years old and way over my head on an icy slope. 0000002099 00000 n If we truly believed that we would be injured or killed each time we climbed into the cockpit of an airplane, we'd never turn the starter. That the industry is clinging to these concepts may be as much due to culture as to bureaucratic ineptitude.I have a good friend who is a general aviation industry executive. endobj I concluded that 25 of the accidents had a high likelihood of being prevented by using such techniques and only four accidents were really skill-related. X.1 OXRXfYy_%)i ;ee u #4& 0000005831 00000 n The study accomplished this goal using the case control methodology, which compared a group of accident flights to a matching group of nonaccident flights to identify patterns of variables that distinguished the two groups from each other. xb```5L) cc`a 4)fb- I envisioned FITS as an outside-the-box approach to addressing general aviation training issues. These attitudes, Anti-Authority, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho, & Resignation, often lead to poor judgment and risk assessment. While it's virtually impossible to understand all the variables affecting the workings of the mind, there are models that help us to understand the process of making decisions. I personally created and often taught the risk management segment. Certainly it was time for a change: The motorcycle had to go. National Transportation Safety Board. 0000031655 00000 n 0000005928 00000 n Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Risk management, as part of the aeronautical decision making (ADM) process, relies on which features to reduce the risks associated with each flight?, Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) can be defined as a, Name some hazardous attitudes that can affect your judgement during the aeronautical decision making (ADM) process and more. "Y) /A 57 0 R /Parent 45 0 R /Next 58 0 R >> endobj 48 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 1 0 R /FitH 580 ] >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Title (1PdC{#) /Count 2 /Last 50 0 R /First 51 0 R /A 52 0 R /Next 45 0 R /Prev 53 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Title (a*N_\)? %PDF-1.4 % I served as the FAAs lead general aviation executive from 2001 until I retired in 2005. 0000003956 00000 n Ask yourself how important this flight will be five days or five years from now. Learning behavior modification techniques 3. It heavily emphasized risk management and single-pilot resource management. 932 0 obj The FAA has identified five hazardous attitudes that have the potential to influence the pilots' ability to respond to "people, situations, or events" in a manner conducive to aviation safety (FAA, 2017a, p. 2-5). Im happy to report that many of the changes that I initiated have finally taken place-10 years later. 0000007043 00000 n Learn the Five Hazardous Attitudes and be ready for them. Rs+gLe\p- IFUb &Jg aDQq@8Um Rp-(XZLU9P\>iu6ZvyfnCGD$8- D 928 26 It was simply impossible that such a thing could happen to me. l i b r a r i e s . As I said earlier, it would be simple but inaccurate to blame FAA totally for deficiencies in TAA training. [938 0 R 939 0 R 940 0 R 941 0 R 942 0 R 943 0 R 944 0 R 945 0 R] If you haven't been eating properly or drinking enough fluids, don't expect to be a safe pilot. 0000008669 00000 n Become a Ventilation Expert with a Lunch & Learn Seminar, 5 Questions to Ask When Considering Ventilation System Upgrade. A sudden wind shift, even at low speeds, can be hazardous on takeoff and landing because it can _____. The art and science of risk management is now a fundamental concept that permeates virtually all industrial processes from nuclear power plant management to-you guessed it-aviation safety. Remember that the symptoms of colds and other minor illnesses can be exacerbated by changes in pressure that result from changes in altitude. 0000001547 00000 n This approach favored cooperation between FAA and industry to change training doctrine, standards, and manuals without time consuming, inefficient and ineffective regulatory change. 0000004535 00000 n 0000004918 00000 n Which airplane would be most at risk . Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association Find it free on the store. Physical stress such as hot or cold temperature, high humidity, noise, vibration, and turbulence can take their toll on your decision-making ability. /@z [?20|y>n |,GPQ@ L/ I immediately got to work creating a FITS-based program that would emphasize operating the Eclipse 500 single-pilot in the real world.It would detract too much from the subject of this article to discuss any of the well-known issues that Eclipse critics have harped on, so youll just have to settle for my training soapbox. For example, why did the pilot lose control? The area where traveling TAA fared the worst was in weather-related accidents. Hard work and the resulting soreness and fatigue can conspire against us as well. Hb```g``ec`e`xA@l(x@ezUgO'd3022m?qP(A@EA@T)lRy20 @ ` &} endstream endobj 122 0 obj 150 endobj 91 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [ 0 0 610 792 ] /Parent 87 0 R /Resources << /Font << /MR 115 0 R /MI 114 0 R /MB 113 0 R /M2 116 0 R /SR 94 0 R /SI 95 0 R /SB 92 0 R /S2 117 0 R /SSR 93 0 R /SSI 98 0 R /SSB 96 0 R /SS2 118 0 R >> /XObject << /Image1 120 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /ImageB /Text ] >> /Contents [ 99 0 R 101 0 R 103 0 R 105 0 R 107 0 R 109 0 R 111 0 R 119 0 R ] /CropBox [ 0 0 610 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 92 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SB /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 93 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SSR /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 94 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SR /BaseFont /Times-Roman /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 95 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SI /BaseFont /Times-Italic /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 96 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SSB /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 97 0 obj 563 endobj 98 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /SSI /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 99 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 97 0 R >> stream The problem with this approach is that it did not fully consider the real root cause of the accident. Weather Related Accidents Rather that concentrating on the aggregate fatalities, a more informative way to view the general aviation safety record is to examine the specific causes of fatal accidents. From the beginning, our local FSDO folks were also hard-working but, in their eyes, the FITS concepts really didnt matter. To get a type rating, all you have to do is stay within the test parameters. I left Eclipse in February 2008, thus avoiding the companys final denouement when it came a year later. The current student pilot start figures ought to be sobering to anyone in general aviation who is willing to admit that weve got to stop selling to ourselves if we are to survive and that $150,000 sport aircraft may not be the answer. 0000001631 00000 n Throughout his career, he examined the human factors that cause accidents, both from a pilot and design perspective. The goal of this National Transportation Safety Board study was to better understand the risk factors associated with accidents that occur in weather conditions characterized by IMC or poor visibility ("weather-related accidents"). Developing risk assessment skills. These attitudes, Anti-Authority, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho, & Resignation, often lead to poor judgment and risk assessment. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents( \n h t t p s : / / c o r e s c h o l a r . &uV`3TeDzSij=m\9U8^ OgP _e\XqjV5Qt:XS "TVvv 0000004070 00000 n Those with a hazardous resignation attitude believe that they have little control over their own destiny-that fate or bad luck is the cause of their misfortune. It is a mixed bag, however.The FAA has revised many of the training handbooks, such as the Instrument Flying Handbook, to address TAA issues and has issued completely new manuals, such as the Risk Management Handbook. Illness-Any form of illness can affect our ability to safely operate an aircraft. When stressors mount, the attitudes that we normally keep in check may begin to adversely influence our decision-making ability. The extent to which they failed to meet that objective is beyond the scope of this article. 0000003776 00000 n tracks and switching equipment. Unfortunately, neither the NTSB nor the FAA has recognized the real issues regarding TAA training. 953 0 obj Such stressors can severely alter our perception of the five elements of flight decision making. endobj Flying high without supplemental oxygen can lead to hypoxia, which can induce feelings of elation, well-being, or belligerence. 0000001028 00000 n 0000003541 00000 n Perhaps I wasn't as safe a rider as I had thought. 0000005110 00000 n However, this feeling of invulnerability should always be tempered by an equally strong sense of caution. For example, while performing some work for one of my post-retirement clients, I evaluated 29 TAA fatal accidents and applied a simple test. They believe that tie-off regulations are excessive, caution signs arbitrary, and personal protection equipment gets in the way. Keenan explained that, at the core, these missteps are rooted in emotional behaviors. In their safety and operations materials, both the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) and AOPA stress the contribution of weather to fatal accidents, with NBAA saying: "Most weather-related accidents are fatal and a failure to recognize deteriorating weather continues to be a frequent cause or contributing factor of accidents." H@pHKXDi! 939 0 obj Our program quickly obtained FITS acceptance from Washington and we thought we were on our way.From the beginning, our local FSDO folks were also hard-working but, in their eyes, the FITS concepts really didnt matter. Continued visual flight rules (VFR) operation into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) was the deadliest of all types of weather-related accidents, as 82% resulted in fatalities. Ill leave that one for a future article but its clear that managing risk is becoming the name of the game.What is risk management in the context of TAA training? I felt confident of my abilities, totally at ease, and I prided myself on being very safe. My hard-working colleagues and I created a program that we thought the FAA would love. 0000001367 00000 n Stresses that lead to the hurry-up syndrome or get-home-itis can cause pilots to overestimate their abilities. This effort tended to label accidents as either skill-based or decision-based. These studies tended to show most accidents were due to skill-based pilot errors. They are antiauthority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and resignation. The only thing their guidance material emphasized was compliance with the Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating Practical Test Standard (PTS). 19th February 2020. Making a leap from one area to another or moving a ladder with someone on it are just a few examples. 0000011518 00000 n At least one of these applies to almost every accident, even in instances of technical problems.. This effort tended to label accidents as either skill-based or decision-based. These studies tended to show most accidents were due to skill-based pilot errors. Could it be due to poor management of several risk factors affecting that flight-pressing into deteriorating weather, a known faulty gyro or a pilot in a hurry to get somewhere?It is my view that, fundamentally, most general aviation fatal accidents are risk-management accidents. His views are solely those of the author and not necessarily of any client he represents. For example, why did the pilot lose control? That is why the last hazardous attitude is resignation. VV|_Np;_e>z|f}.~}"QigZfme)P8$q@R pE@kJa\5:o3jw%\Y.C~d,yN%p!m!=J\,ViyAxy=F}=AXS4B[D\`%=EMw:S)'H"C~\\V|j"=]izdMZ0Cu]8,pP$_=)wWXS% > zh;l*ov-e^sOf!Q!aef1EoqmFJk7E1rQQRoE54Ury,Yw}~*rQpLOwS;L>.OQ(9K>^ Y!MG`kQm,$n6zzug5?P\ We use judgment to evaluate various risk factors, then choose a course of action to produce a desired result. %%EOF I was intent on creating a scenario-based training program, covering all the well-known elements of the Eclipse program, including initial type training and mentoring. A National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Study of Risk Factors Associated with Weather-Related General Aviation Accidents4. Its maneuver-based, top-down (i.e., spoon-fed by the instructor) and has as its major goal getting a student through the knowledge and practical tests.Higher-order pilot skills, such as risk management, single-pilot resource management and automation management are either poorly considered or not addressed at all. To avoid them, we must constantly make the painstakingly difficult assessment of our own mental condition. The Board targets deficiencies in TAA training as one of the culprits. After 32 years of piloting experience, Jack Keenan joined the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as an aviation safety inspector. 0000010522 00000 n 0000013123 00000 n An official website of the United States government Here's how you know. But there are times when reacting too quickly can get us into trouble. The short version is it involves a three-part process to identify, assess and mitigate risk from specific hazards. The U.S. Natural Hazard Statistics provide statistical information on fatalities, injuries, and damages caused by weather related hazards. Pilots are often tempted to use over-the-counter remedies to mask the effects of illnesses such as colds, but these remedies may have side effects that severely affect our judgment and decision making. In most situations, including many emergencies, it's better to take time to sort things out before committing to a course of action. Mental abilities as well as motor coordination can be severely compromised when a pilot is tired. For example, Cirrus is an example of a new breed of manufacturer wanting a clean break with this image. Aviation is full of challenges: flight planning, decision making, computing, and navigating. P 0000005165 00000 n xTYI21'f/@l0eGmM AKn[=34EW"znr}|~Jlc Scholarly Commons | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Research Sometimes it seems that the rules just don't apply in the particular circumstances, that they aren't that important, or that we can get away with disregarding them. Anti-authority: "Don't tell me!" Otherwise, this important survival mechanism becomes a serious safety liability. Risk plays a key role in most general aviation fatal accidents. When we develop hazardous attitudes in flying, we are truly courting disaster. You can be type-rated to carry passengers at FL410 without ever getting above 10,000 feet. Even technologies such as synthetic vision have become the new norm. q4T. When a person is feeling tired, sick, or overwhelmed, they may take on one of the 5 hazardous attitudes. 0000000856 00000 n <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 925 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> I have a good friend who is a general aviation industry executive. Risk is defined by the simultaneous assessment of risk severity versus risk likelihood. Being injured while taking a stupid risk is worse than some perceived evaluation of strength. taa weather related accidents are associated with what hazardous attitude. 0000014911 00000 n 0000004574 00000 n These statistics are compiled from information contained in Storm Data, a database comprising information from NWS forecast offices in the 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Finally, we need to watch out for those times when our abilities become compromised by tunnel vision. People who frequently feel the need to do something, anything, immediately often fall victim to the impulsivity attitude. Foolish chances like carrying too much or driving too fast are done to demonstrate their superior ability. Risk is defined by the simultaneous assessment of risk severity versus risk likelihood. What's important is that we recognize the traits within us, understand how these traits can develop into hazardous attitudes, and develop mechanisms to readjust our thought processes as we enter the zone of hazardous attitudes and dangerous decision making. Public data . Invulnerability Which of the following hazardous attitude most closely identifies with the mantra, "kick the tires, light the fires"? One of the projects I took on was to bring the flight training paradigm into the 21st century. xXnF}WSAh%N&qj7V(HBb(??h(EI_(3wz!G'oCeF:]'O0jfR\a&Pkhp]EhwWgUO>j04Fvz,VBI0],9tB7I\Tx,+Hx1_q"N>4`j_)t2Mgz2Ka s>Tn2[y, ]& -6k\4W&74~1Bamh'S\n>q*_{wktb{W+@Tny:RvhUJ# j(N\kl$U(x:Dc.4 0000003462 00000 n Evaluating our personal airworthiness can be a difficult and demanding task. <>stream People with this mindset are more likely to increase their risk by taking chances. ^ZGiYii(n!NYe 0000001922 00000 n As a result, they may not think about if they should be doing it at all. 0000015010 00000 n Australian/Harvard Citation. Historically, about two-thirds of all general aviation (GA) accidents that occur in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are fatal-a rate much higher than the overall fatality rate for GA accidents. Ritchie [8 . 0000002894 00000 n 0000001784 00000 n In addition to his 22 years of FAA service, Bob Wright has 9000-plus hours of flight experience and four turbojet type ratings on his ATP certificate. V'cXDflQ6Rc (j:@XtFF9"Y6 [U06TV8%"HTsg"HvS"9Kf>( o+cm That the industry is clinging to these concepts may be as much due to culture as to bureaucratic ineptitude. cESW#9kD{{. Maybe I had lost respect for the dangers of motorcycle riding or had developed an unsafe attitude. 930 0 obj rafael angel uribe serna; undersized defensive ends; remington 1100 performance parts; words for a unhealthy relationship; barking and dagenham postcode; laughlin justice court forms; I was intent on creating a scenario-based training program, covering all the well-known elements of the Eclipse program, including initial type training and mentoring. I had one goal-to get the aircraft on the ground and get out of it. 0000005177 00000 n The FAA (before my watch) spent considerable time, effort, and money trying to analyze accident causality with a human factors approach. Identifying and providing additional support for pilots whose performance history indicates an increased risk of weather-related accidents. Physiological stressors can also in-fluence our macho attitude. The decision-making process in-volves awareness of our situation. If you wouldn't be able to pass an FAA medical exam, or if you have any condition that might alter your ability to safely operate an aircraft, the only safe choice is not to fly. They may be resentful of having someone trying to tell them what to do and may regard rules, regulations, and procedures as unnecessary or silly. 0000004728 00000 n 0000010543 00000 n Could it be due to poor management of several risk factors affecting that flight-pressing into deteriorating weather, a known faulty gyro or a pilot in a hurry to get somewhere? He attributed much of general aviations failure to embrace modernization and change as a result of the overarching influence of what he terms, romantic, elitist, macho enthusiasts.Being an ex-FAA type, I immediately created the acronym REME to describe these folks. Eating-Nutrition is another important factor that contributes to mental processes, including decision making. Their report recommended changes in airman knowledge tests and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) training materials, among other changes. Its maneuver-based, top-down (i.e., spoon-fed by the instructor) and has as its major goal getting a student through the knowledge and practical tests. Very real hazards are ignored for the sake of convenience or expediency. In this world of high-speed computing, information access, and electronic communications, perhaps the most mysterious scientific marvel is the human mind. For example, while performing some work for one of my post-retirement clients, I evaluated 29 TAA fatal accidents and applied a simple test. hb``e``e`a`~ l@q*_1y ;P@LbADFRe @\(~M[U@W) /A 56 0 R /Prev 51 0 R /Parent 49 0 R >> endobj 51 0 obj << /Title (aw'iVz=6_) /A 55 0 R /Parent 49 0 R /Next 50 0 R >> endobj 52 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 24 0 R /FitH 450 ] >> endobj 53 0 obj << /Title (:{) /A 54 0 R /Next 49 0 R /Prev 38 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 54 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 24 0 R /FitH 585 ] >> endobj 55 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 1 0 R /FitH 753 ] >> endobj 56 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 1 0 R /FitH 734 ] >> endobj 57 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 4 0 R /FitH 728 ] >> endobj 58 0 obj << /Title (ye) /A 59 0 R /Next 46 0 R /Prev 47 0 R /Parent 45 0 R >> endobj 59 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 4 0 R /FitH 767 ] >> endobj 60 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 4 0 R /FitH 478 ] >> endobj 61 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 24 0 R /FitH 758 ] >> endobj 62 0 obj << /S /Named /N /GoBackDoc >> endobj 63 0 obj << /S /Launch /F 64 0 R >> endobj 64 0 obj << /Type /FileSpec /F (BSc}1) >> endobj 65 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT2 67 0 R /TT4 69 0 R /TT6 81 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 88 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 70 0 R >> >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2028 1007 ] /FontName /TimesNewRomanPSMT /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 >> endobj 67 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 116 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 556 556 556 556 556 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 278 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /ArialMT /FontDescriptor 68 0 R >> endobj 68 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2028 1037 ] /FontName /ArialMT /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 148 /Widths [ 250 0 0 500 0 833 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 444 444 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /TimesNewRomanPSMT /FontDescriptor 66 0 R >> endobj 70 0 obj [ /CalRGB << /WhitePoint [ 0.9505 1 1.089 ] /Gamma [ 2.22221 2.22221 2.22221 ] /Matrix [ 0.4124 0.2126 0.0193 0.3576 0.71519 0.1192 0.1805 0.0722 0.9505 ] >> ] endobj 71 0 obj 905 endobj 72 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 71 0 R >> stream This approach favored cooperation between FAA and industry to change training doctrine, standards, and manuals without time consuming, inefficient and ineffective regulatory change.
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